It’s always hard to fill the shoes of someone who used to do your job very well. If you’re the choirmaster at St. Thomas Church in Leipzig, guess whose shoes you have to fill? Bach’s. (No pressure.) Leipzig is closely connected to classical music—Wagner was born here, and Mendelssohn established a conservatory here in 1843. If you’re more of a melancholy, contemporary type, visit during the Wave-Gotik-Treffen, billed as the world’s largest "dark" (Goth, industrial, punk, etc.) music festival.
Like catnip for culture lovers, Saxony beckons visitors to eastern Germany with museums, musical events and artisans. The state capital, Dresden, is home to the restored Frauenkirche church and the eye-popping Zwinger museum, both showcases of 18th-century Baroque architecture. Music reigns in Leipzig, where Bach and Mendelssohn's former residences are now museums. Visit Meissen for its wines and signature porcelain. Castles adorn the central Saxony landscape, inspiring hiking and cycling tours.
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Romantic Rhineland-Palatinate is at the very heart of Riesling production in Germany, home to the largest wine regions in the country. The state is defined by lush vineyards, quaint medieval villages, UNESCO World Heritage sites, picturesque castles, volcanic lakes and wine-rich valleys. Its sylvan forests and rising mountains provide the perfect backdrop to a summer hike, bike ride or wine tasting adventure, while its cities and towns are alive with cultural activities and festivals.
There are 2,000 years of history in Cologne, and visitors here will find everything from Roman towers to Gothic churches to fine examples of modern architecture. Cologne has a variety of museums, too—check out the Museum of Applied Art, the Museum Ludwig and, if you have a sweet tooth, the Chocolate Museum. Be forewarned, though—the gift shop at the latter will utterly ruin your diet.
The most populous (with 18 million people) and westernmost (bordering Belgium and the Netherlands) of Germany's federal states, North Rhine-Westphalia is one of Europe's most highly industrialized areas, with an impressive 30 cities of more than 100,000. Cologne is the district's biggest city, and the capital is Dusseldorf. Bonn, the former capital of West Germany, is also here. All three are part of the Rhine-Ruhr region of nearly 12 million people, one of Europe's biggest metropolitan areas.
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Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen in German) in Germany's northwest is the country's second-largest state in terms of size and its fourth population-wise. Home to Hannover and several other larger cities, the area is treasured for its natural beauty, as well, with diverse terrain that includes coastline, flatlands, rolling hills and woodlands. Both the wildlife-filled Harz Mountains in the south and the East Frisian Islands off the northern coast are beloved by Germans and visitors alike.
Second only to Berlin in size and population, the city of Hamburg is home to one of the biggest harbors in Europe. A stroll along its many waterways and canals illustrates why it has been called the "Venice of the North." Don't miss a trip to the local fish market (Fischmarkt), the Merchants District (marked by its imposing red-brick architecture), a fine dining experience along the river or a night out in the university quarter. And did we mention the Reeperbahn (red light district)? It's quite famous for its… red lights.
Home to Frankfurt (or Frankfurt am Main), Germany's fifth-largest city, Hesse is the country's financial heart. The Rheingau wine region (famed for its Rieslings) stretches along the Rhine coast, and includes such favorite tourist towns as Rüdesheim. The mountains of Wasserkuppe and Grosser Feldberg both offer many adventure options. Hessenpark, an open-air museum in Neu Anspach with a collection of over 100 historically reconstructed buildings and more than 200 animals, is a family favorite.
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The second most populous town in North Germany, Bremen brings the high-tech, science and space industries together beneath a truly metropolitan backdrop. In a city where innovation, beauty and sophistication meet, it's impossible not to feel the life force. In this 1,200-year-old Hanseatic city, visit the Schlachte Promenade on the River Weser, the full-sized Columbus Space Module of the International Space Station and the Universum Science Center. Oh, and "Hanseatic" refers to an alliance of trading cities in the 13th-17th centuries. But you probably knew that.
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Home to some of the most significant historical sites of the 20th century, Berlin is a bustling international destination. A large city, many of Berlin's neighborhoods were in fact once independent towns. They were cobbled together to form the "Great Berlin" in 1920, and their town centers still reveal elements of this era. Today, nothing is more important to a Berliner than his or her "Kiez" (neighborhood) and the "Kiezleben" (life in the neighborhood). From the loud, wild, artsy, and young streets of Neukolln to the family-friendly avenues of Prenzlauer Berg to the quiet and sophisticated corners of Charlottenburg, Berlin's neighborhoods have something for everyone.
With half a million people, Nuremberg is Bavaria's second largest city. While its history dates to the 11th century, Nuremberg is most often linked to the 20th century (specifically World War II). It first served as the site of many pre-war Nazi rallies, then was nearly leveled by Allied bombing, then was the site of the famous post-war Nuremberg Trials. The city has much to offer today's visitors, including the rebuilt Nuremberg Castle and the world-famous gingerbread at Hauptmarkt. Hansel and Gretel would have loved this place.
Munich exudes Bavarian charm. Beer fanatics should head immediately to the Hofbräuhaus, a hops heaven that’s been churning out the good stuff since 1589. The drinking is downright legendary during Oktoberfest, a celebration of local beers and German specialty foods. Emulate world-class athletes at the Olympiapark, where skating on the Olympic ice rink will make you feel like a champion. The promenade of Marienplatz is perfect for people watching and gawking at the Glockenspiele of City Hall.
Known for its beer, sausages, Oktoberfest and lederhosen, Bavaria is Germany’s largest federal state and one of its most popular tourist destinations. It's also one of the most independent-minded regions. Home to cities like Munich (the capital) and Nuremberg, Bavaria is also cherished for its hilly countryside, where such gorgeous sites as Hohenschwangau Castle, Neuschwanstein Castle (the model for Sleeping Beauty’s Castle at Disneyland) and Linderhof and HerrenChiemsee Palaces can be found.
Home to the oldest university in Germany, Heidelberg was hit hard during 17th-century wars and rebuilt in the 18th century with baroque buildings. For a pleasant walk, stroll through the historic city center's Gothic streets. Be sure to take in Heidelberg Castle, the symbolic heart of the city; Alte Brucke, a beautiful 18th-century bridge; and the Student Jail. Built as long ago as the 16th century, it was used to keep mischievous students off the streets for three days to a month at a time. And they say Penn State is the number-one party school!
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